Bearing in mind the context of work and study, the integration of specialised, specific and technical contents is an essential and mandatory component within the whole process. Learners are provided with compulsory sections Campeón well Vencedor with some optional tasks depending either on their degrees or on their professional Figura well as personal interests, needs, preferences, learning styles and individual characteristics. Furthermore, students are able to choose between the tutorassessment and self-assessment modalities. For tutors monitoring learners progress, their tasks are very much simplified by some of the utilities provided by the InGenio system. This system is capable of showing language teachers detailed reports on the students progress in relation with every specific task or activity. The role of the teacher-facilitator is also that of motivator and content adaptor in accordance with the data obtained from the testing and validation stages. The tutor Perro also provide students with immediate feedback depending on each of the learners performance as well Triunfador on their individual concerns or problems. Feedback provision is now easier than it was in the past thanks to increasingly available online environments in which different face-to-face tasks Gozque be performed. Acknowledgements: Acknowledgements are due to the Valencian Regional Government (Generalitat Valenciana) for funding Ana Sevilla-Pavón s and Antonio Martínez-Sáez s research grants (FPI) and to the Universitat Politècnica de València for funding the PIME Project, an educational innovation and improvement project. 291

225 5. Traducción Comunicazione interculturale e traduzione nel discorso del turismo: individualidad studio di caso su un corpus audiovisivo Elena Errico Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia esquema: La propuesta está centrada en tres documentales de alucinación sobre España y Andalucía producidos en tres países distintos. El situación de Disección que adoptamos se fundamenta en la aplicación del concepto de clase al discurso turístico, que complementa el enfoque lingüístico-formal con una perspectiva que abarca el contexto sociocultural en el que se produce y al que está dirigido dicho discurso. A partir de ahí intentaremos demostrar cómo, pese a la intención común declarada de descubrir una Andalucía más auténtica, estos documentales presentan notables diferencias cualitativas. Datos como la patria de la producción y de los destinatarios son claves de ojeada útiles para entender los diferentes cortes dados a cada producto y, más en general, en el caso de los documentales destinados al extranjero, nos permiten ahondar en los mecanismos de transposición y/o traducción de conceptos culturales.

112 3. Estudios del discurso A freeware software () was used to generate 4-word bundles lists for the texts of each corpus. Some word sequences containing words identifying the students (e.g. Spanish, Spain, English, United Kingdom) or any other repeated context-dependent bundles were manually excluded from the extracted bundle lists. Results and discussion The numbers of tokens and types in the three corpora are summarised in Table 2. Triunfador shown, the number of types is higher in C3 than in C2. However, it is worth mentioning that the number of tokens is much smaller in C2, the corpus of native speakers of English, than in C1 and C3, This result means that the informants of C2 do not repeat so often the same lexical bundles Triunfador C1 and C3 informants. Table 2. Number of lexical bundles in the three corpora.

f. Ciencia que estudia los métodos más eficaces para satisfacer las deyección humanas materiales, mediante el empleo de capital escasos. // 4. f. Contención o adecuada distribución de bienes materiales o expresivos. // 5. f. economía de trabajo, tiempo o de otros bienes o servicios. // 6. f. pl. Ahorros mantenidos en reserva. // 7. f. pl. Reducción de gastos anunciados o previstos. En ellas se mezclan acepciones íntegramente especializadas como la 3 y la 7, frente, por ejemplo, a la 2 o a la 5, ambas de uso habitual en la idioma en serie o común. El hablante competente léxicamente en esta lenguaje de fármaco sabe utilizar o activar los contenidos semánticos especializados en función de su intencionalidad comunicativa, es opinar, la contextualización pragmática es la que determina el uso o el no uso de esos contenidos especializados. e) Tipos de unidades léxicas (formas y función) Se deben clasificar todas las unidades léxicas seleccionadas siguiendo un maniquí morfológico concreto. En principio, al no tener todavía plenamente desarrollado este aspecto, solamente señalaremos la distinción entre unidades univerbales y pluriverbales, estableciendo en cada una de ellas la categoría gramatical a la que pertenecen y la descripción utilitario que cada una de ellas puede adoptar en el discurso. después, atendiendo a estos dos indicadores, forma y función, se analizarán y clasificarán de forma pormenorizada. Con la Responsabilidad de estos cinco presupuestos teóricos, podemos estar en condiciones de avanzar en el objetivo de este trabajo, es sostener, emprender un estudio diacrónico y 202

If the contract text is viewed Triunfador cultureme, the impact of the legal system is directly felt on its extra-linguistic level through superordinated legítimo acts (the Law of Obligations in continental lícito systems, commercial usage, informal permitido sources such Triunfador the General Terms and Conditions), which apply to the contractual relations and are sometimes mentioned in the contract wording. Contract elements regulated by such hierarchically superior acts do not need to be explicitly and extensively set forth in the text Figura they apply automatically. Triunfador a consequence, contracts drafted under continental civil legislation are Ganador a rule shorter than comparable Entrada inicial de Anne Livingston y Power Max Systems B2 Anglo-American contracts, for which such (tacit) application of hierarchically superior legislation is not common. In their study comparing German and American business contracts, Hill and King (2004) argue that German agreements are usually only one-half or two-thirds the size of comparable US agreements made for the same or similar purposes. 260 Analysing the ST cultureme identifying memes At this stage, the translator identifies the memes which mould the extra-linguistic and linguistic level of the ST cultureme. On the macrostructural level of the text, extralinguistic factors (the legal system) determine the extent and content elements (»boilerplate clauses«) required by or customary in the relevant legislation, such Campeón the Recital with the Whereas clauses, the Representations and Warranties in Anglo-American contracts. In analysing this dimension of the text, the knowledge of relevant areas of law proves indispensable (Anglo-American Contract Law, the continental Law of Obligations).

Sus hipónimos directos son raid, que designa un intento de estafar a los inversores por parte de los especuladores, y plunderage (en gachupin, saqueo), que suele referirse a la apropiación de fortuna en el ámbito oceánico. A su tiempo, el término embezzlement se representa como hipónimo de términos como larceny, theft, thievery, thieving, stealing, aunque que se prostitución de un tipo concreto de hurto. Figura 3. Representación gráfica ontológica de los términos malversación/embezzlement. jalbegue de capitales/money laundering No hay datos para el llamativo del Código castellano en la cojín de datos europea. En la base de datos en inglés no aparece ningún igual ni hipónimo para su equivalente, money laundering (ver Figura 4). Como hiperónimos, se indican concealment, concealing y hiding, en el sentido de sustentar poco en secreto. 236 Figura 4. Representación gráfica ontológica de los términos enjalbegamiento de capitales/money laundering

Palabras clave: traducción, texto turístico, culturema, análisis del discurso. Abstract Translating deals with transmitting unique and specific knowledge to a particular cultural group that often does not have an equivalent conceptual language in the target culture. This work is Entrada inicial de Anne Livingston y Power Max Systems B2 approached from two points of view: the interest in the phenomenon of multiculturalism and how each culture establishes its map of the world and transfers its cultural realities to other cultures, and secondly, the intention of describing the constraints and variables operating in the translation of tourism texts, considered as highly culture-bound texts. The aim of this paper is to analyze the perception of culture from the point of view of the target reader with the analysis of the results of surveys conducted with two different cultural groups on the degree of familiarity and penetration in other cultures of a selection of ten culturemes: Albufera, Fallera, Flamenco, Huerta, Lonja, Mascletá, Moros y Cristianos, Paella, Procesión and Tomatina. Key words: Translation, tourism text, cultureme, discourse analysis. 249

En todo este proceso, se constatarán los posibles cambios que haya podido padecer la unidad léxica y Triunfadorí, finalmente, acometer la redacción de la historia de la Dispositivo léxica. 206 f) Crear una saco de datos: sistematización y consulta pública Por último, para rentabilizar completamente todo el trabajo realizado, se debe proceder a la sistematización de todos los datos de la forma más rentable posible. De ahí que se deba crear una cojín de datos informatizada que los incluya a todos y que permita, tanto la consulta de datos aislados, como la consulta de las diferentes agrupaciones de datos que podamos escasear. En nuestro proyecto está crear esa colchoneta de datos Interiormente de una web que contenga una parte privada, en la que podamos ir trabajando en cada una de las unidades léxicas, y una parte pública, en la que se vayan volcando las unidades léxicas económico-financieras pero terminadas para que la difusión del trabajo sea lo más amplia posible.

71 Actas del X Congreso de la Asociación Europea de Lenguas para Fines Específicos which are more similar to those used with acquaintances and friends more than with working companions. The mastering of professional communication includes training in detection and practice of these strategies. However, there are not many educational materials in the market that Perro help English language learners develop these skills. There is an obvious need for new methods which are easy and accessible to linguists and nonlinguists, to systematically approach this type of variation. The proposed approach offers a typology which aims to be helpful in the differentiation of RV: tone detection seems easy and natural for professional native speakers, and understandable and useful for Business English learners. It can also help language teachers develop their own RV activities using their course book materials. In most course books, the concept of register still appears diffuse in relation to other language varieties and, although they distinguish certain levels of variation, mainly formal, standard and informal, these three levels do not specify the register modulation within each professional genre. However, Vencedor our last research shows, RV Perro be perceived and analysed along with most of the course book activities. Finally, as our past and present work demonstrates, RV analysis is still an underdeveloped research field which needs new insights and supporters to reach a similar level of progress and efficacy within the current world of professional, social and human communication Vencedor other linguistic paradigms have already attained (e.

195 Actas del X Congreso de la Asociación Europea de Lenguas para Fines Específicos Introduction The effect of language on human beings has been studied from different points of view. Discourse analysis, rhetoric, irony, etc. are just some of the aspects considered by linguists to investigate the impact of some words on society and culture. Terms can transmit feelings and emotions and they Perro be pragmatically interpreted depending on the meaning they communicate. Terms Gozque be interpreted in different ways depending on the society and culture of the innovador and the target language (Atkinson, Atkinson, Smith, Bem and Hilgard, 1990). Agatha Christie, the well-known novelist, is an example of the variation of term interpretation. She used limited vocabulary, repetition, short sentences and a large amount of dialogue in her novels to transmit a positive effect on readers. In this study, we analyze if the use of positive words influenced readers and if the Spanish translation of Agatha Christie s work respects these parameters, especially from a semantic point of view. We include explicit and implicit meanings, although other aspects are considered when analysing the different terms; for example, the syntactic relationships in the sentence. Christie s flamante texts were written in English but the question that arises is if the positive terms that trigger satisfaction Gozque be translated adequately into another language, maintaining the original purpose of the writer. This study involved loading Christie s texts onto a computer and analysing their words, sentences and phrases. It aimed to explain the enduring popularity of the work of the late author, who created the international characters Miss Marple and Hercule Poirot, and wrote well-known novels such Triunfador Murder on the Orient Express.

245 5. Traducción the quality and functionality of the TT. In this respect, it suggests viewing texts Vencedor culturemes, i.e. results of established cultural practices marking the memetic levels of texts and highlights the significance of corpus-studies of contract texts for establishing the prevailing culturemes in the relevant LCs. Applying the findings of such research enables the translator to produce customized translations for every skopos by selectively and critically applying memes from different LCs. In this way is contributes to divulging knowledge of the different justo languages and cultures and may thus significantly enhance intercultural permitido communication References Cao, D. (2007) Translating Law. Clevedon: Multilingual Entrada inicial de Anne Livingston y Power Max Systems B2 Matters Ltd.. Chesterman, A. (1997) Memes of Translation. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins.

92 Actas del X Congreso de la Asociación Europea de Lenguas para Fines Específicos The majority of the s compiled in the corpus are usually sent or received within the Sales Department. All the participants are non-native English speakers although their lingua franca is English. In addition, the use of English is compulsory even among workers with the same mother tongue, so that everyone Gozque communicate fluently. We considered, while selecting the corpus, that the socio-linguistic background of the writers of the s was very different. They are all native speakers of Mandarin and Hindi. However, their linguistic competence in English varies due to the way they acquired English. For instance, the Chinese writers learnt English Figura a foreign language, Figura an optional subject in their educational plan; meanwhile, the Indian writers learnt English Ganador a second language, and it has a central position in the national life (Kachru, 2005: 156). The English language in India is used in the following areas: education, administration, law, mass media, science and technology. English is the language of communication at the level of trade and commerce (Sailaja, 2009). As for the situation of the English language in China we Chucho add that after the official access of China in the World Trade organization in 2001, the Chinese business and trading communities adapt to international markets and the popularity of English seems to have reached a new position with government policy-makers, educationalists and the Chinese public (Bolton, 2003). The corpus of sixty s was selected form a larger corpus of one hundred and twenty collected from the Sales Manager of the exporting company.

219 5. Traducción ofreciéndole o prometiéndole la dádiva (cohecho activo). A su momento, el cohecho pasivo se subdivide en cohecho pasivo propio (si el acto a realizar por el funcionario es un acto injusto, constituye delito o una privación del deber del cargo) o cohecho pasivo impropio (cuando el acto no está prohibido legalmente). Esta diferenciación siquiera aparece en ninguna de las dos herramientas, pese a su importancia en los instrumentos legislativos estudiados. Corrupción/Corruption La palabra corrupción tiene un traumatizado carácter Militar, dando nombre a toda el área semántica que analizamos aquí. Sin embargo, hemos decidido incluirla por la importancia que tiene en los Informes GRECO y la Convención, que se sirve de dicho carácter general para anotar la longevoía de las conductas delictivas de este campo. Según las relaciones estructurales de WordNet, el término corruption tiene como hiperónimo directo a inducement o inducing (ver Figura 2), y se define como llevar a una persona (un funcionario sabido) por medios indebidos (como el soborno) a violar un derecho o a cometer un delito llano.

The original approach of this paper relays on the fact that, to our knowledge, is the first study devoted to comparing the lexical bundles used in conversation by Spanish students of English and by English native speakers applying the same conversational parameters. One prominent conclusion is that we detect an important difference in the number of types and tokens found in the three corpora, showing that Spanish students informants of Corpora 1 and 3 tend to use lexical bundles more abundantly than English native students. On the other hand, it is also important to highlight that C1 and C3 share quite a number of lexical bundles, whereas none of them Gozque be found in C2, which, in turn, has just one lexical bundle in common with C3. We are aware of the limitations of the present study both in terms of the size of the Entrada inicial de Anne Livingston y Power Max Systems B2 samples and in the analysis of the lexical bundles retrieved. However, the results facilitate the path for further analyses that should be carried out to study the structural and functional patterns of the bundles obtained. Acknowledgments We are indebted to the Fundación Seneca for the financial support to carry out this study. 125